Hofstede

Hofstede's four cultural dimensions are are individual/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity/femininity.

Individual/collectivism discussing whether or not cultures are individualistic or collectivist. An individualistic culture is one that views the individual as the single most important part of culture. In these cultures, individual achievement is rewarded and independence is stressed over dependence. The uniqueness of each individual is valued. Competition rather than cooperation is valued and personal goals are more important than group goals. The United States is an example of an individualistic culture. Collective cultures have a more rigid framework. In a collectivist culture, the values an needs f the in0group are put before the needs of the individual. The beliefs of the individual are not separate from the beliefs of the group.

Uncertainty avoidance basically states that the future is unknowable. The level of uncertainty that each culture has differs depending upon the culture. Some cultures have high uncertainty avoidance and some have low. High uncertainty avoidance cultures like to avoid any uncertainty. This is done by providing stability through the establishment by providing rules for the members to follow. Following the rules will reduce the stress. Cultures with low uncertainty avoidance accept that uncertainty is a part of life. They like taking risks and are less tense and more relaxed.

Power distance classifies culture on a continuum of high to low power distance. Cultures with high power distances accept power as a part of society and teach members that all people are not equal. They are hierarchical cultures and institutional inequality is present. Low power distance culture believe that inequality in all forms should be minimized. They view hierarchies as another form of inequalities.

Masculinity and femininity refers to the degree that cultures value masculine and feminine traits. Masculinity refers to the extent that the culture has dominant masculine traits. Masculine cultures have highly defined gender roles. Cultures that value femininity value nurturing behaviors and believes that men don't need to be assertive and that they too should assume nurturing roles. The ideal is androgynous behavior.